1. Course over ground (COG): This is the direction in which the ship is actually moving in relation to its geographic position. COG (Course Over Ground) is determined by tracking the ship's position using navigation instruments such as GPS or RADAR. It is the true direction the ship is traveling relative to fixed geographical points.

2. Heading: is the direction in which the bow of the ship is pointed, expressed in degrees relative to magnetic north. It is the direction in which the ship 'is facing' or pointing, regardless of whether it is moving in that direction or not. Heading is typically measured using the ship's magnetic compass.

3. Speed over ground (SOG): is the speed at which the ship is moving in relation to its geographic position. It is the actual speed at which the ship is traveling toward reference geographic points, such as latitude and longitude lines on a chart. SOG can be measured using GPS or other navigation systems.

4. Speed through water (STW): is the speed at which the ship is moving through the water. It is the speed the ship achieves using its propulsion systems, regardless of external factors such as currents and wind. STW is typically measured using a log, a device that tracks the ship's speed through the water.

The difference between SOG (Speed Over Ground) and STW (Speed Through Water) lies in the fact that SOG takes into account external factors such as currents and wind that can affect the ship's movement, while STW only measures the speed of the ship through the water, without considering these external factors.

5. Speed through water (STW): Is the speed at which the ship moves through the water, regardless of external influences such as currents or wind. It is the speed measured relative to the water through which the ship is passing, and is typically measured using a device such as a log.

6. True Wind: is the wind blowing in a specific direction relative to the actual compass point. It is an important piece of information for navigation as it helps determine the direction and speed of the wind.

7. Relativni vjeta (relative wind): is the wind that is felt on the ship in relation to the speed and direction of the ship's movement. This means that if the ship is moving faster than the wind, the relative wind will feel different than when the ship is moving slower than the wind.

8. RPM (Revolutions Per Minute): RPM (Revolutions Per Minute) refers to the number of engine rotations per minute and is used to measure the engine's operating speed. It is an important data point for monitoring engine performance and maintaining optimal operating conditions.

9. Clinometer: Is a device used to measure the tilt or heel of a ship. It is important for maintaining the vessel's stability and monitoring any changes in the tilt that could indicate hazards, such as capsizing.

10. Rudder Angle Indicator: This indicator shows the angle of the ship's rudder. It is useful for the captain to know in which direction the rudder is turned in order to steer the ship accurately.

11. Echo Sounder: An Echo Sounder is a device that uses sound signals to measure the depth of water beneath the ship. It is important for safe navigation, especially in shallow waters where there is a risk of grounding.

12. Ship plotting: Is the process of tracking the positions of ships on a chart and radar to determine the travel route and avoid collisions with other vessels.

13. CPA (Closest Point of Approach): Is the nearest point of approach between two ships. It is an important data point for assessing the risk of collision and for taking necessary actions to avoid a collision.

14. TCPA (Time to Closest Point of Approach): TCPA is the time it takes for two ships to reach the closest point of approach. It is useful for planning actions to avoid collisions.

15.Bearing: is the direction in which an object is located in relation to the ship, expressed in degrees. This is an important piece of information for navigation and tracking the position of other vessels or geographical features.

16. BCR (Bow Crossing Range): It is the closest point at which one ship will cross the path or stern line of another ship. If the BCR (Bow Crossing Range) is in the positive (+) direction, it means that the ship's course will be across the bow (front) of the other ship. Conversely, if the BCR is in the negative (-) direction, it indicates that the ship's course will be across the stern (rear) of the other ship.

17. BCT (Bow Crossing Time): It is the time it takes for two ships to pass each other. This is an important piece of information for assessing safety and avoiding collisions, especially in situations where ships are moving toward each other or are in close proximity.

18. RADAR: It is a device that uses radio waves to detect objects such as other ships or obstacles in all weather conditions. It is a key tool for navigation and safety at sea as it allows the identification of objects that are outside of visual range.

19. ECDIS (Electronic Chart Display and Information System): is an electronic system used for displaying and managing the ship's charts. It replaces traditional paper charts and enables more accurate tracking of the ship's position and route planning.

20. GPS (Global Positioning System): It is a satellite system used for determining geographic location. It enables precise tracking of the ship's position in real-time using signals emitted by satellites in orbit.

21. Difference between AIS (Automatic Identification System) I ARPA (Automatic Radar Plotting Aid): Understanding the difference between AIS (Automatic Identification System) and ARPA (Automatic Radar Plotting Aid) is crucial for navigation.

AIS is quickly plotted because it uses special transmitters on the ship that send data about the position, speed, course, and other information. This data includes the ship's name, MMSI number, call sign, destination, estimated time of arrival (ETA), depth, etc.

On the other hand ARPA It takes time to gather data because it relies on RADAR signals and data processing. ARPA provides information on critical aspects such as the closest point of approach (CPA), time to closest point of approach (TCPA), bow crossing range (BCR), bearing crossing time (BCT), speed, etc.

Therefore, while AIS provides detailed information about the ship, ARPA focuses on data that is vital for collision avoidance at sea.

23. Nautical mile: A nautical mile is 1.852 kilometers and is used as a unit of distance at sea. For the speed of the ship, the knot is used, which is the same as one nautical mile per hour.

24. MMSI (Maritime Mobile Service Identity) is a unique number assigned to each ship and is used for identification in communication via radio links, AIS, and other maritime communication systems.

25. ETA (Estimated Time of Arrival) indicates the estimated time of arrival of the ship at the destination or at a specific point on the route.

26. Call sign is an international alphanumeric identifier used for identifying a ship in radio communication.

27. IMO number : (International Maritime Organization number) is a unique identifier assigned to a ship by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). It is used for ship identification and facilitates the administration and safety of maritime traffic.

28. GMDSS : (Global Maritime Distress and Safety System): GMDSS is an international system for communication and safety at sea that enables rapid and effective response in emergency situations such as distress calls or accidents.

29. VHF (Very High Frequency): It is a radio frequency range used for communication at sea. It is one of the most commonly used ranges for communication between ships and the shore.

30.MF (Medium Frequency): It is a radio frequency range also used for communication at sea, often for communication over greater distances than VHF.

31. INMARSAT C: It is a satellite communication system used for transmitting text and data at sea. It enables communication between ships and the shore even when they are out of the range of traditional radio links.

32.Tx i Rx: Tx stands for transmit, while Rx stands for receive. These are common terms used in relation to data transmission and communication.

33. Basic knowledge of working with Word and Excel: This implies knowledge of basic functions for creating documents and spreadsheets using Microsoft Word and Excel, including creating, editing, and formatting documents and spreadsheets.

34. Basics of ship sides: This includes knowledge of the basic directions and parts of a ship, such as the forward section (fore), the rear section (aft), the left side (port), and the right side (starboard). This is important for navigation and communication on board.

35. Draft of the ship: The draft of a ship is the depth of the ship in the water. Reading the draft is the process of measuring this depth to ensure that the ship has enough clearance below the keel for safe navigation, especially in shallow waters.

36. The ship is trimmed forward or aft: When we say that a ship is "improved" (or 'trimmed forward'), it means that its draft at the bow is greater than the draft at the stern. In other words, the ship is tilted forward or sits lower at the bow compared to the stern. When we say that a ship is 'increased' (or 'trimmed aft'), it means that its draft at the stern is greater than the draft at the bow. In other words, the ship is tilted aft or sits lower at the stern compared to the bow.
37. Gross Tonnage: It is the total weight of the ship, including the cargo, but not including the space for passengers or crew. This is an important data point for assessing the capacity and size of the ship.

38. Net Tonnage: It is the weight of the ship without cargo and luggage, which includes only the ship's structure and the space for passengers or crew. This is a useful measure for assessing the actual size of the ship and its ability to carry cargo.

39.Dead Weight: It is the total weight of cargo that the ship can carry, including cargo that exceeds its nominal capacity. This is an important data point for planning cargo shipments and ensuring safe navigation.

40. Waterlines on the ship: Waterlines on a ship include various lines that mark different water levels on the ship's hull, including the load waterline, the ballast waterline, and the construction waterline. These lines help assess the ship's immersion and stability.

41. Displacement: Displacement is the weight of the water that the ship displaces when it is immersed in it. This is an important factor for calculating the stability and carrying capacity of the ship.

42. SOLAS is an international convention that sets standards for maritime safety. This convention covers a wide range of safety regulations and guidelines to ensure the safety of ships, passengers, and crew.

43. MARPOL: It is an international convention that sets standards for preventing marine pollution from ships. This convention covers regulations on waste discharge, tank cleaning, and other activities that may impact the environment.

44. ISM: It is an international code for the safety management of ships and the prevention of pollution. This code sets guidelines and requirements for the safe operation of ships and maintaining high safety standards.

45. ISPS: It is an international code that pertains to the security of ships and ports. This code sets requirements for securing ports and terminals, as well as preventing terrorism and unauthorized access to ships and ports.

46. ISPS : is an international code that sets standards and guidelines for securing ports and ships from terrorist threats. This code prescribes security measures that must be implemented to prevent terrorist attacks on ports, cargo operations, and navigation itself. This includes conducting security inspections, controlling access to ports and ships, monitoring cargo operations, and communicating with relevant security agencies.

47. SART (Search and Rescue Transponder) is a device used to assist in locating and rescuing in case of an emergency. When activated, a SART (Search and Rescue Transponder) emits a radio signal that can be detected by radar systems on ships or rescue aircraft. This allows for faster location and rescue of the ship or individuals in distress.

48. EPIRB (Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon) is a device used to send a rescue signal via satellite in case of emergency. When activated, an EPIRB (Emergency Position-Indicating Radio Beacon) sends a signal with the exact location of the ship or person in distress, enabling a swift response and rescue.

49. Lifeboat is a vessel used for rescuing people from a ship in case of an emergency. Lifeboats are typically equipped with the necessary survival equipment and can be manually or automatically launched.

50. Liferaft is a rescue raft used in case of emergency if the ship has sunk. Liferafts are typically compact and lightweight, but they are equipped with basic survival equipment such as food, water, and signaling devices.

51. Lifejacket is a life jacket worn around the body to provide flotation assistance to people in the water. Life jackets are typically inflated or equipped with buoyancy aids to help keep the person afloat on the water's surface

52. Immersion suit is a thermal protective suit that shields sailors from cold water in case of emergency. These suits provide thermal insulation, allowing sailors to survive longer in cold water.

53. MUSTER STATION is a designated area on the ship where the crew assembles in case of an emergency for attendance checks and further instructions. It is usually marked and equipped with basic life-saving and communication equipment.

54. General alarm is an audio signal consisting of seven short and one long tone from the ship's siren. This combination of tones is a universal emergency signal on board. When the general alarm is activated, it indicates an emergency situation that requires a quick response and possible evacuation. Upon hearing the general alarm, all crew members, without exception, must immediately go to their designated emergency positions, known as Muster Stations. This is a location on the ship where the crew gathers to check attendance, receive further instructions, and organize evacuation if necessary. The crew must take the general alarm seriously and respond promptly according to the ship's safety procedures.
55. Abandon ship alarm, known as the "abandon ship alarm," it typically consists of seven short blasts followed by one long blast of the siren or alarm. This combination of tones serves as a universal signal for the emergency evacuation of the ship. When activated, the abandon ship alarm indicates an extremely urgent situation in which the crew must immediately abandon the ship for their own safety.

56. Fire alarm on the ship, it usually consists of a single long blast of the siren or alarm, which is often repeated to attract the crew's attention. At the same time, the crew is notified via the public address (PA) system about the location of the fire on board. This means that the crew is informed through a voice message or an automatic announcement via loudspeakers about the exact location of the fire or the area where smoke or fire has been detected.
57. MOB : The alarm on the ship typically consists of three long blasts of the siren or alarm. MOB stands for "Man Overboard," meaning that someone has fallen off the ship into the sea. When this signal is activated, it alerts the crew to the urgent need to search for and rescue the person who has fallen overboard.
58. Fire hoses:a are flexible hoses used to deliver water or foam agents for firefighting, while fire extinguishers are devices that contain fire extinguishing agents and are used to quickly extinguish smaller fires.

59. Spring line, Head line, Stern line, Breast line : They are different types of ropes used to secure a ship to the shore or another ship. Each of these lines has its specific purpose and is used in different situations when mooring a ship. Here's a more detailed explanation of each of them:

1. Spring line (Bočna užad): Spring line is a rope used to prevent the ship from moving forward or backward, especially when moored to the shore or tied to another ship. This line is usually set at a sharp angle to the ship to provide lateral support.

2. Head line (Prijestolna užad): Head line is a rope used to secure the front part (bow) of the ship to the shore or another vessel. It helps maintain stability and control the position of the bow while mooring.

3. Stern line (Krmna užad): A stern line is a rope used to secure the rear part (stern) of the ship to the shore or another vessel. This line helps maintain stability and control the position of the stern while mooring.

4. Breast line (Poprečna užad): A breast line is a rope used to prevent the ship from leaning towards the shore or another vessel, especially when there is lateral pressure from wind or currents. This line is typically used to maintain the ship's side stability during mooring.

Each of these lines plays a crucial role in ensuring the safe and stable mooring of the ship. Proper use of these ropes is important to prevent damage to the ship or surrounding objects during mooring and while the ship is docked.

60. Fire extinguishers, known as extinguishers, vary based on the type of agent they use to extinguish fires. Here's a more detailed explanation of several basic types of extinguishers:

1. Powder extinguishers: These devices use fine powder, which is dispersed under pressure to extinguish the fire. The powder can be sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, or ABC powder, a mixture of different components. Powder extinguishers are effective for extinguishing fires caused by electrical installations, flammable liquids, and solid fuels.

2. Foam extinguishers: Foam Fire Extinguishers use water-based foam, which is dispersed under pressure. The foam creates a blanket that prevents oxygen from reaching the fire, thereby reducing its ability to spread. These extinguishers are effective for extinguishing fires involving fuels such as oil, gasoline, and alcohol.

3. Gas extinguishers: use pressurized gas, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) or halon, to remove oxygen from the fire zone, thereby smothering the fire. Gas extinguishers are suitable for extinguishing fires on electrical equipment and sensitive materials that could be damaged by water or powder.

4. Water extinguishers: use water as the extinguishing agent. These devices may be filled with pressurized water or contain water with added additives to enhance its effectiveness. Water extinguishers are most commonly used for extinguishing fires on solid materials such as wood, fabric, and paper.

Choosing the appropriate fire extinguisher is important for effective fire suppression and minimizing damage. When using a fire extinguisher, it is essential to carefully follow the manufacturer's instructions to ensure safety and efficiency in extinguishing the fire.

Main engine is the primary propulsion system of the ship, while the Auxiliary engines are smaller engines that perform various functions, such as generating electricity or powering auxiliary systems.

Bowtruster is a propulsion device located at the bow of the ship and is used for maneuvering the vessel near the port or in narrow waters.

61. The Rules for the Prevention of Collisions at Sea, known as COLREG (Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea), represents an international set of rules and regulations that govern the behavior of ships at sea to prevent collisions.

1. Basic principles: COLREG defines the rules and procedures that ships must follow to avoid collisions at sea. The basic principles include the responsibility to avoid collisions, the obligation to adhere to the rules, and the right of way.

2. Basic provisions: COLREG contains a series of provisions that define how ships should maneuver to avoid collision. This includes definitions of specific areas on the ship such as the starboard, bow, stern, as well as rules that apply in certain situations such as encounters between two ships, overtaking, approaching the shore, navigating in narrow channels, etc.

3. Rules of Priority: COLREG establishes priorities between different types of vessels to ensure safety at sea. For example, the rules give priority to sailing vessels over powered vessels and the right of way in certain situations.

4. Light and sound signals: COLREG also prescribes the use of light and sound signals to communicate the intentions of vessels to others. This includes the use of light signals in nighttime conditions and sound signals such as warning signals, rules for recognizing and identifying other vessels, etc.

5. Rules in different situations: COLREG defines in detail the procedures and rules to be applied in different situations at sea, including encounters between two vessels, overtaking, approaching the shore, navigating in narrow channels, sailing in densely populated waters, etc.

COLREG rules are crucial for ensuring safety at sea and are internationally recognized and accepted by maritime communities around the world. All seafarers, including captains, deck officers, and engineering officers, are required to know and adhere to these rules to ensure safe navigation and avoid collisions at sea.

62. Navigation lights : Navigation lights are an essential part of a ship's equipment that helps other vessels recognize its presence, direction of travel, and size. Here are details about the different types of navigation lights, their shapes, and sound signals:

1. Red Light:

   – Shape: A red, round light placed on the port (left) side of the ship when facing forward.

2. Green Light:

   – Shape: A green, round light placed on the starboard (right) side of the ship when facing forward.

3. White Bow Light:

   – Shape: A white light located at the front of the ship.

4. White Stern Light:

   – Shape: A white light placed at the rear of the ship.

5. Red-White Light on Tall Structures

– Shape: Typically a red light at the top and a white light below.

6. Sound Signals:

   – Type: Includes various sounds, such as one long signal for “leaving berth” and a series of short signals for “danger” or “assistance needed”.

   – Purpose: Used to alert other ships of presence, movement direction, and emergencies at sea.

Navigation lights are crucial for maritime safety, aiding communication and collision prevention at sea.

63. International Code of Signals (ICS) is a set of signals used on ships for communication among crews, with shore facilities, or with other ships.

1. History: Developed to facilitate communication between ships of different nationalities and languages, the first version was created in 1855.

2. Composition and Format: Comprises various signals transmitted through flags, lights, semaphore, or radio. Each signal has a specific meaning, and combinations can convey complex messages.

3. Applications: Used for warnings, requests for assistance, identification, confirmations, or giving instructions. Also utilized in emergencies such as sea rescues or evacuations.

4. Usage on Ships: Every ship should have a copy of the International Code of Signals for the crew to access and use signals as needed. Signals are typically displayed using signal flags or lights, and modern versions can also be transmitted via radio or electronic devices.

5. Standardization: ICS is standardized for clear interpretation worldwide, preventing misunderstandings and enabling seamless communication.

The International Code of Signals is a vital tool for safe and effective communication at sea.

64. Ballast

Ballast on a ship is a liquid or material used to adjust the ship's weight or stability. Its primary purpose is to maintain stability, especially when the ship is empty or the load changes. Two main types of ballast include:

1. Liquid Ballast: This is water that is pumped into dedicated tanks on the ship to increase weight and stability. Liquid ballast can also be used to adjust the ship's trim (forward-backward tilt). When the ship is loaded with cargo, the liquid ballast can be discharged to maintain stability.

2. Fixed Ballast: This consists of solid materials such as iron or concrete that are permanently placed in specific parts of the ship to improve stability. This type of ballast is typically used on smaller ships or ships with specific stability requirements.

Balast je ključni element za sigurnost i stabilnost broda, posebno tokom pražnjenja ili punjenja teretnih spremnika ili tokom promjena u uslovima plovidbe. Bez adekvatnog balasta, brod bi mogao postati neuravnotežen i sklona prevrtanju, što predstavlja ozbiljnu opasnost za sigurnost posade i tereta.

Ballast tanks are containers on a ship used to store liquid ballast, usually water. Their main purpose is to adjust the weight, trim, or stability of the ship. Ballast tanks can vary in type and size depending on the ship's needs and design. Examples include:

1. Steel Tanks: Steel containers built into the ship's structure, typically used for storing water as ballast. They may be located along the sides of the ship or in compartments below the deck.

2. Double Bottom Tanks: Many modern ships have a double bottom that allows ballast to be stored between two layers of the hull. These spaces can be filled with water to improve the ship's stability.

3. Stern Tanks: Located at the rear of the ship, near the stern. These are used to adjust the trim and stability of the ship, especially when the cargo is distributed at the bow.

4. Partitioned Tanks: Dividers within the hull of the ship that can separate ballast tanks for better weight distribution and stability.

These ballast tanks enable the ship to adjust its weight and stability as needed during navigation, ensuring safe and efficient operations.

Ballast pumps are specialized pumps used for filling and emptying ballast tanks on ships. They allow controlled introduction or removal of water or other ballast materials from the tanks to adjust the ship's weight, trim, and stability. Here are some characteristics of ballast pumps:

1. Capacity: Ballast pumps must have adequate capacity to quickly fill or empty ballast tanks as needed.

2. Transfer Capability: Some ballast pumps can transfer ballast material from one tank to another for better load distribution or stability.

3. Adaptability: Pumps must be adaptable to various navigation conditions and cargo changes. This may include the ability to adjust speed or flow rate and synchronize with other systems on the ship.

4. Corrosion Resistance: Since ballast pumps work with water or seawater, they must be made of materials resistant to corrosion to ensure long-term and reliable functionality.

5. Efficiency: It is important that ballast pumps are efficient and reliable to enable quick and safe filling or emptying of ballast tanks without wasting time or resources.

Ballast pumps are a crucial part of the ballast system on a ship and play an important role in maintaining stability and safety during navigation.

65. Pumps

A ballast pump, also known as a ballast pump, is used for filling and emptying ballast tanks on a ship. This pump allows controlled intake or discharge of water or other ballast materials from the tanks to adjust the ship's weight, trim, and stability.

A fire pump, or firefighting pump, is used to generate pressure in the ship's firefighting system. Its purpose is to ensure sufficient water pressure to supply fire hoses, nozzles, and other firefighting equipment in the event of a fire on board. These pumps often have high flow rates and pressure to effectively extinguish fires.

The emergency fire pump (EMCY fire pump) is an additional firefighting pump activated in emergencies when the main fire pump fails or when extra capacity is needed to control a fire. This pump provides additional firefighting capability in critical situations to ensure the safety of the crew and the ship.

66. Bilge Tanks

Bilges on a ship are reservoirs used to collect various waste liquids generated during ship operations. These include condensate, lubricating oil, coolants, and other fluids used in engine and equipment processes. These liquids must be properly collected to prevent their spread throughout the ship. The type and size of bilges vary depending on the type of ship and the equipment used. Monitoring and maintaining bilges is a regular part of operational procedures on board.

67. Ejector

In a ship's ballast system, an ejector is a device used to discharge ballast water from ballast tanks. It is a type of hydraulic device that utilizes the principles of fluid dynamics to create a vacuum inside the tank, allowing water to be pumped out freely. When the ejector is activated, the flow of fluid or gas through the system generates low pressure inside the ejector, causing ballast water to be drawn out of the tank and expelled from the ship through appropriate pipes or outlets. This technique enables quick and efficient emptying of ballast tanks to adjust the ship's stability and trim.