1. SOLAS: is an international convention that sets standards for maritime safety. This convention covers a wide range of safety regulations and guidelines to ensure the safety of ships, passengers, and crew.

2. MARPOL: is an international convention that sets standards for preventing marine pollution from ships. This convention covers regulations on waste discharge, tank cleaning, and other activities that may impact the environment.

3. ISM: is an international code for the safety management of ships and the prevention of pollution. This code sets guidelines and requirements for the safe operation of ships and maintaining high safety standards.

4. ISPS: is an international code that pertains to the security of ships and ports. This code sets requirements for securing ports and terminals, as well as preventing terrorism and unauthorized access to ships and ports.

5. ISPS (International Ship and Port Facility Security Code) is an international code that sets standards and guidelines for securing ports and ships from terrorist threats. This code prescribes security measures that must be implemented to prevent terrorist attacks on ports, cargo operations, and navigation itself. This includes conducting security inspections, controlling access to ports and ships, monitoring cargo operations, and communicating with relevant security agencies.

6. SART (Search and Rescue Transponder) is a device used to assist in locating and rescuing in case of an emergency. When activated, a SART (Search and Rescue Transponder) emits a radio signal that can be detected by radar systems on ships or rescue aircraft. This allows for faster location and rescue of the ship or individuals in distress.

7. EPIRB (Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon) is a device used to send a rescue signal via satellite in case of emergency. When activated, an EPIRB (Emergency Position-Indicating Radio Beacon) sends a signal with the exact location of the ship or person in distress, enabling a swift response and rescue.

8. Lifeboat is a vessel used for rescuing people from a ship in case of an emergency. Lifeboats are typically equipped with the necessary survival equipment and can be manually or automatically launched.

9. Liferaft is a rescue raft used in case of emergency if the ship has sunk. Liferafts are typically compact and lightweight, but they are equipped with basic survival equipment such as food, water, and signaling devices.

10. Lifejacket is a life jacket worn around the body to provide flotation assistance to people in the water. Life jackets are typically inflated or equipped with buoyancy aids to help keep the person afloat on the water's surface

11. Immersion suit is a thermal protective suit that shields sailors from cold water in case of emergency. These suits provide thermal insulation, allowing sailors to survive longer in cold water.

12. MUSTER STATION is a designated area on the ship where the crew assembles in case of an emergency for attendance checks and further instructions. It is usually marked and equipped with basic life-saving and communication equipment.

13. General alarm is an audio signal consisting of seven short and one long tone from the ship's siren. This combination of tones is a universal emergency signal on board. When the general alarm is activated, it indicates an emergency situation that requires a quick response and possible evacuation. Upon hearing the general alarm, all crew members, without exception, must immediately go to their designated emergency positions, known as Muster Stations. This is a location on the ship where the crew gathers to check attendance, receive further instructions, and organize evacuation if necessary. The crew must take the general alarm seriously and respond promptly according to the ship's safety procedures.

14. Abandon ship alarm, known as the "abandon ship alarm," it typically consists of seven short blasts followed by one long blast of the siren or alarm. This combination of tones serves as a universal signal for the emergency evacuation of the ship. When activated, the abandon ship alarm indicates an extremely urgent situation in which the crew must immediately abandon the ship for their own safety.

15. Fire alarm on the ship, it usually consists of a single long blast of the siren or alarm, which is often repeated to attract the crew's attention. At the same time, the crew is notified via the public address (PA) system about the location of the fire on board. This means that the crew is informed through a voice message or an automatic announcement via loudspeakers about the exact location of the fire or the area where smoke or fire has been detected.

16. MOB alarm on a ship typically consists of three long blasts of the siren or alarm. MOB stands for "Man Overboard," indicating that someone has fallen overboard into the sea. When this signal is activated, it alerts the crew to the urgent need to search for and rescue the person who has fallen from the ship.

17. Fire hoses are flexible hoses used to deliver water or foam agents for firefighting, while fire extinguishers are devices that contain fire extinguishing agents and are used to quickly extinguish smaller fires.

18. Fire extinguishers, known as extinguishers, vary based on the type of agent they use to extinguish fires. Here's a more detailed explanation of several basic types of extinguishers:

• Powder extinguishers: These devices use fine powder, which is dispersed under pressure to extinguish the fire. The powder can be sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, or ABC powder, a mixture of different components. Powder extinguishers are effective for extinguishing fires caused by electrical installations, flammable liquids, and solid fuels.

• Foam extinguishers: Foam Fire Extinguishers use water-based foam, which is dispersed under pressure. The foam creates a blanket that prevents oxygen from reaching the fire, thereby reducing its ability to spread. These extinguishers are effective for extinguishing fires involving fuels such as oil, gasoline, and alcohol.

• Gas extinguishers: use pressurized gas, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) or halon, to remove oxygen from the fire zone, thereby smothering the fire. Gas extinguishers are suitable for extinguishing fires on electrical equipment and sensitive materials that could be damaged by water or powder.

• Water extinguishers: use water as the extinguishing agent. These devices may be filled with pressurized water or contain water with added additives to enhance its effectiveness. Water extinguishers are most commonly used for extinguishing fires on solid materials such as wood, fabric, and paper.

Choosing the appropriate fire extinguisher is important for effective fire suppression and minimizing damage. When using a fire extinguisher, it is essential to carefully follow the manufacturer's instructions to ensure safety and efficiency in extinguishing the fire.

19. Rules for preventing collisions at sea, known as COLREG (Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea), represents an international set of rules and regulations that govern the behavior of ships at sea to prevent collisions.

• Basic principles: COLREG defines the rules and procedures that ships must follow to avoid collisions at sea. The basic principles include the responsibility to avoid collisions, the obligation to adhere to the rules, and the right of way.

• Basic provisions: COLREG contains a series of provisions that define how ships should maneuver to avoid collision. This includes definitions of specific areas on the ship such as the starboard, bow, stern, as well as rules that apply in certain situations such as encounters between two ships, overtaking, approaching the shore, navigating in narrow channels, etc.

• Rules of Priority: COLREG establishes priorities between different types of vessels to ensure safety at sea. For example, the rules give priority to sailing vessels over powered vessels and the right of way in certain situations.

• Light and sound signals: COLREG also prescribes the use of light and sound signals to communicate the intentions of vessels to others. This includes the use of light signals in nighttime conditions and sound signals such as warning signals, rules for recognizing and identifying other vessels, etc.

• Rules in different situations: COLREG defines in detail the procedures and rules to be applied in different situations at sea, including encounters between two vessels, overtaking, approaching the shore, navigating in narrow channels, sailing in densely populated waters, etc.

COLREG rules are crucial for ensuring safety at sea and are internationally recognized and accepted by maritime communities around the world. All seafarers, including captains, deck officers, and engineering officers, are required to know and adhere to these rules to ensure safe navigation and avoid collisions at sea.