Navigaciji sistemi i komunikacija:

1. Course over ground (COG): This is the direction in which the ship is actually moving in relation to its geographic position. COG (Course Over Ground) is determined by tracking the ship's position using navigation instruments such as GPS or RADAR. It is the true direction the ship is traveling relative to fixed geographical points.

2. Heading: Heading is the direction in which the bow of the ship is pointed, expressed in degrees relative to magnetic north. It is the direction in which the ship 'is facing' or pointing, regardless of whether it is moving in that direction or not. Heading is typically measured using the ship's magnetic compass.

3. Speed over ground (SOG): SOG is the speed at which the ship is moving in relation to its geographic position. It is the actual speed at which the ship is traveling toward reference geographic points, such as latitude and longitude lines on a chart. SOG can be measured using GPS or other navigation systems.

4. Speed through water (STW): is the speed at which the ship is moving through the water. It is the speed the ship achieves using its propulsion systems, regardless of external factors such as currents and wind. STW is typically measured using a log, a device that tracks the ship's speed through the water.

The difference between SOG (Speed Over Ground) and STW (Speed Through Water) lies in the fact that SOG takes into account external factors such as currents and wind that can affect the ship's movement, while STW only measures the speed of the ship through the water, without considering these external factors.

5. Speed through water (STW): is the speed at which the ship moves through the water, regardless of external influences such as currents or wind. It is the speed measured relative to the water through which the ship is passing, and is typically measured using a device such as a log.

6. True Wind: True wind is the wind blowing in a specific direction relative to the actual compass point. It is an important piece of information for navigation as it helps determine the direction and speed of the wind.

7. Relativni vjeta (relative wind): is the wind that is felt on the ship in relation to the speed and direction of the ship's movement. This means that if the ship is moving faster than the wind, the relative wind will feel different than when the ship is moving slower than the wind.

8. Bearing: is the direction in which an object is located in relation to the ship, expressed in degrees. This is an important piece of information for navigation and tracking the position of other vessels or geographical features.

9. ECDIS (Electronic Chart Display and Information System): is an electronic system used for displaying and managing the ship's charts. It replaces traditional paper charts and enables more accurate tracking of the ship's position and route planning.

10. GPS (Global Positioning System): is a satellite system used for determining geographic location. It enables precise tracking of the ship's position in real-time using signals emitted by satellites in orbit.

11. Difference between AIS (Automatic Identification System) and ARPA (Automatic Radar Plotting Aid): Understanding the difference between AIS (Automatic Identification System) and ARPA (Automatic Radar Plotting Aid) is crucial for navigation.

AIS is quickly plotted because it uses special transmitters on the ship that send data about the position, speed, course, and other information. This data includes the ship's name, MMSI number, call sign, destination, estimated time of arrival (ETA), depth, etc.

On the other side, ARPA takes time to gather data because it relies on RADAR signals and data processing. ARPA provides information on critical aspects such as the closest point of approach (CPA), time to closest point of approach (TCPA), bow crossing range (BCR), bearing crossing time (BCT), speed, etc.

Therefore, while AIS provides detailed information about the ship, ARPA focuses on data that is vital for collision avoidance at sea.

12. Nautical mile: A nautical mile is 1.852 kilometers and is used as a unit of distance at sea. For the speed of the ship, the knot is used, which is the same as one nautical mile per hour.

13. MMSI (Maritime Mobile Service Identity) is a unique number assigned to each ship and is used for identification in communication via radio links, AIS, and other maritime communication systems.

14. ETA (Estimated Time of Arrival) indicates the estimated time of arrival of the ship at the destination or at a specific point on the route.

15. Call sign is an international alphanumeric identifier used for identifying a ship in radio communication.

16. IMO number (International Maritime Organization number) is a unique identifier assigned to a ship by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). It is used for ship identification and facilitates the administration and safety of maritime traffic.

17. GMDSS (Global Maritime Distress and Safety System): GMDSS is an international system for communication and safety at sea that enables rapid and effective response in emergency situations such as distress calls or accidents.

18. VHF (Very High Frequency): is a radio frequency range used for communication at sea. It is one of the most commonly used ranges for communication between ships and the shore.

19. MF (Medium Frequency): is a radio frequency range also used for communication at sea, often for communication over greater distances than VHF.